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The comma format joins array elements with `Array.prototype.join` and, under `encodeValuesOnly`, first passes each element through `String()` in `utils.encode`; neither guards against an element whose string coercion fails.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/stringify.js`, the comma branch collapses the array with `obj.join(',')`. For an element whose own `toString` is not callable, `ToPrimitive` skips it, falls through to `Object.prototype.valueOf` (which returns the object itself), and throws. Under `encodeValuesOnly: true`, the same element first reaches `String(str)` in `utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js`) and throws there. Nested arrays (`{ \"a\": [[{ \"toString\": \"x\" }]] }`) throw the same way, through `Array.prototype.toString`. The `indices`, `brackets`, and `repeat` formats walk into object elements instead of coercing them, and are not affected.\n\n\n\nSuch elements can come from untrusted input. `JSON.parse` produces `{ \"a\": [{ \"toString\": \"x\" }] }` with no qs option involved. `qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true })` keeps the `toString` key, and `qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true })` produces a null-prototype element; the default parse options drop `toString` and produce ordinary objects, which do not throw. Express 4's default `query parser`, Express 5's `extended` query parser, and body-parser's `urlencoded({ extended: true })` all call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":[{\\\"toString\\\":\\\"x\\\"}]}\"), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\", encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\n// TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\nApplied in a952e75 on `main` and released as v6.16.1: an element whose string coercion would fail is coerced to its primitive `valueOf`, if any, or else to `Object.prototype.toString`, so it renders as `[object Object]`, the same as any other object element already does under the comma format. Nested arrays are walked the way `join` walks them. Every input that did not previously throw serializes exactly as before, and a `toString` or `valueOf` that itself throws still propagates.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=6.7.0 <6.16.1`, fixed in v6.16.1.\n\n\n\nThe `join` path was introduced with the comma format in b84acba and first shipped in v6.7.0; v6.6.x and earlier ignore `arrayFormat: 'comma'` and are not affected. The `encodeValuesOnly` `String()` site was introduced in 4c4b23d (v6.11.1); before that, the same input throws at `join`. Every release from v6.7.0 through v6.16.0 is affected.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` and `arrayFormat: 'comma'` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. Where the call runs outside an error boundary, such as an `async` Express 4 handler (where the throw becomes an unhandled promise rejection) or a bare `http` request handler, the process exits, so the impact in that case depends on the application error handling rather than on qs. The default `arrayFormat` (`indices`) is not affected."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"ed01121b96361197","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:TehShrike:deepmerge:4.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:deepmerge:deepmerge:4.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"deepmerge","purl":"pkg:npm/deepmerge@4.3.1","type":"npm","version":"4.3.1","language":"javascript","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/ghost/current/node_modules/.pnpm/deepmerge@4.3.1/node_modules/deepmerge/package.json","layerID":"sha256:83bfd7313b988a650541f9b6bbba5262334baafe0e53a1febff2265dac0d0a6c","accessPath":"/var/lib/ghost/current/node_modules/.pnpm/deepmerge@4.3.1/node_modules/deepmerge/package.json","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-gcqx-w48m-w2h4","versionConstraint":">=4.2.0,<=4.3.1 (semantic)"},"matcher":"javascript-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"deepmerge","version":"4.3.1"},"language":"javascript","namespace":"github:language:javascript"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-gcqx-w48m-w2h4","fix":{"state":"not-fixed","versions":[]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:L/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:U","metrics":{"baseScore":2.7},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-93753","cwe":"CWE-1321","type":"Secondary","source":"disclosure@vulncheck.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-93753","date":"2026-10-27","epss":0.00514,"percentile":0.43598}],"risk":0.17989999999999998,"urls":["https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-93753","https://github.com/TehShrike/deepmerge/issues/273","https://github.com/TehShrike/deepmerge/blob/5b87756a5671635679001cbac72aa42f23472c81/index.js#L39-L60","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/deepmerge-through-4.3.1-prototype-poisoning-via-mergeobject"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"github:language:javascript","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-gcqx-w48m-w2h4","description":"deepmerge mergeObject() allows prototype poisoning of returned objects"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-93753","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"disclosure@vulncheck.com","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:N/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:H/VA:N/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":8.7},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","source":"disclosure@vulncheck.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:H/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":7.5,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-93753","cwe":"CWE-1321","type":"Secondary","source":"disclosure@vulncheck.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-93753","date":"2026-10-27","epss":0.00514,"percentile":0.43598}],"urls":["https://github.com/TehShrike/deepmerge","https://github.com/TehShrike/deepmerge/blob/5b87756a5671635679001cbac72aa42f23472c81/index.js#L39-L60","https://github.com/TehShrike/deepmerge/issues/273","https://www.vulncheck.com/advisories/deepmerge-through-4.3.1-prototype-poisoning-via-mergeobject"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-93753","description":"deepmerge through 4.3.1 contains a prototype poisoning vulnerability in the mergeObject() function that fails to properly validate keys being written to target objects. 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