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A single parameter such as `a[]=1,2,2,...` therefore produces an inner array of arbitrary length even though the caller opted into the hard limit. This is the `[]=` key form that the fix for CVE-2026-2391 (qs 6.14.2) did not cover.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/parse.js`, a comma-separated value under a `[]=` key is split and then wrapped as a single nested element (`val = [val]`, so that each `a[]=x,y` group counts as one element of the outer array). The `arrayLimit` check that 6.14.2 added for comma values runs after that wrap, so for `[]=` parts it only ever saw the wrapper of length 1. 6.15.3 added a pre-split comma count so that an oversized value throws before it is allocated, but gated it on an `isFlatArrayValue` flag that `parseValues` set to `false` for any part containing `[]=`, and did not pass it for object-valued input, so the gap remained.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require('qs');\n\n\n\nvar options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 3, throwOnLimitExceeded: true };\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a=1,2,3,4', options);   // RangeError: Array limit exceeded. Only 3 elements allowed in an array.\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a[]=1,2,3,4', options); // { a: [ [ '1', '2', '3', '4' ] ] }  (no throw)\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a[]=' + '1,'.repeat(1000000) + '1', { comma: true, arrayLimit: 20, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });\n\n\n\n// no throw; a 1,000,001-element inner array is allocated\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\n`lib/parse.js`, applied in 8859c37 on `main` and released as v6.16.0: the `isFlatArrayValue` gate is removed, so every comma-split value is counted against `arrayLimit` before splitting regardless of key form. An in-limit group under `a[]=` still counts as one element of the outer array, and the default (`throwOnLimitExceeded: false`) path is unchanged.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=6.14.2 <6.16.0`, fixed in v6.16.0.\n\n\n\nv6.14.2 introduced `arrayLimit` enforcement for comma values (the fix for CVE-2026-2391) but only for values not under a `[]=` key, and every release from v6.14.2 through v6.15.3 has the same gap. v6.14.0 and v6.14.1, where `throwOnLimitExceeded` exists but does not apply to any comma form, are covered by CVE-2026-2391 rather than this record. Earlier lines (6.7.x through 6.13.x) have `comma` but no `throwOnLimitExceeded`, so there is no hard cap on any comma path to bypass; releases before 6.7.0 have no `comma` option.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated attacker who can reach an application that parses untrusted query strings or urlencoded bodies with both `comma: true` and `throwOnLimitExceeded: true` (both non-default) can bypass the configured limit with a single `a[]=` parameter and force the parser to allocate an array proportional to the request size. The cost is strictly linear in the attacker-supplied bytes (about 0.1 microseconds and 6 to 7 retained bytes per input byte; the same out-of-memory threshold as the documented default `throwOnLimitExceeded: false` path), so a transport-layer request or body size limit bounds it completely (and node's default maximum HTTP header size of 16 KB already bounds the request line, so multi-megabyte payloads need a body parser). 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From 8.1 until 8.1.4.1, Since Rails 8.1.0, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp derives request.remote_ip from Rack::Request#forwarded_for, which under Rack 3 reads the RFC 7239 Forwarded header in preference to X-Forwarded-For. When a reverse proxy appends the client address to X-Forwarded-For but passes a client-supplied Forwarded header through unchanged, request.remote_ip returns an address chosen by the client, and the IP spoofing check does not raise, because it compares only Client-Ip with the forwarded addresses. An unauthenticated attacker could therefore spoof request.remote_ip, possibly bypassing IP-based access controls and rate limits keyed on the client address (including the default by: of rate_limit), and falsifying the client address in logs. An application is affected if it meets all of these requirements: Runs Rails 8.1.0 through 8.1.4 with Rack 3. Under Rack 2.2, forwarded_for reads only X-Forwarded-For. Is served behind a proxy that does not remove or overwrite a client-supplied Forwarded header. Relies on request.remote_ip for access control, rate limiting, or auditing. The fix detects a spoofed Forwarded header only when the proxy also sets X-Forwarded-For. An application whose proxy passes a client-supplied Forwarded header through and sets no X-Forwarded-For remains exposed after upgrading, and should configure the proxy to remove or overwrite Forwarded, or apply the workaround below. 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Attackers can supply a moderately sized XML document with a large DTD and nested entity expansions to consume tens of seconds of CPU per parse."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"c8c26bfbf9dc7ef2","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:actionpack_project:actionpack:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:db794d778f658552961a77ae066c64acba61ece43cd344a26cc340e0a393ce2e","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionpack","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-13","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.9,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126072","cwe":"CWE-833","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126072","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00411,"percentile":0.35943}],"risk":0.223995,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126072","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/27ad18ed5900dee28ba20e9c6fc718ff751fa215","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccbfc09690fef05fdd2a9969c917a71b92cc98fc","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp","description":"Action Pack: Possible DoS vulnerability in Action Controller Live streaming"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126072","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.9,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126072","cwe":"CWE-833","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126072","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00411,"percentile":0.35943}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/27ad18ed5900dee28ba20e9c6fc718ff751fa215","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/ccbfc09690fef05fdd2a9969c917a71b92cc98fc","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-rwvh-fw6r-pwvp"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126072","description":"Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, ActionController::Live::Buffer#close pushes its end-of-stream marker onto the response's bounded queue while it holds the buffer's monitor. When the client has stopped reading and the queue is full, the push blocks, and Buffer#abort, which runs when the client disconnects or a write times out, waits indefinitely for the same monitor. Each such response could permanently hold a web server thread and its ActionController::Live thread, possibly resulting in a DoS vulnerability through thread exhaustion. Applications that stream responses with ActionController::Live, including send_stream, are affected. Applications that serve large files through Active Storage proxy mode are exposed to unauthenticated clients. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"ae36307ca07e59fc","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libtiff6:libtiff6:4.5.1\\+git230720-4ubuntu2.5:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libtiff6","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libtiff6@4.5.1%2Bgit230720-4ubuntu2.5?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=tiff","type":"deb","version":"4.5.1+git230720-4ubuntu2.5","language":"","licenses":["Hylafax"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libtiff6/copyright","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libtiff6/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libtiff6:amd64.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libtiff6:amd64.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}}],"upstreams":[{"name":"tiff"}]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-12912","versionConstraint":"none (unknown)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"tiff","version":"4.5.1+git230720-4ubuntu2.5"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-12912","fix":{"state":"not-fixed","versions":[]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","cwe":"CWE-122","type":"Secondary","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","cwe":"CWE-122","type":"Secondary","source":"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00433,"percentile":0.38061}],"risk":0.21649999999999997,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-12912"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-12912","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7.3,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.4},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","source":"secalert@redhat.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:L/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7.3,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.4},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","cwe":"CWE-122","type":"Secondary","source":"secalert@redhat.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","cwe":"CWE-122","type":"Secondary","source":"0b0ca135-0b70-47e7-9f44-1890c2a1c46c"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-12912","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00433,"percentile":0.38061}],"urls":["https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:34890","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:41892","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:42668","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47183","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:47184","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:49671","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:50774","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:54638","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:54640","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:54642","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:58545","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:58553","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:58554","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:58556","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:61657","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:69292","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:73909","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:73959","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:73960","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:73961","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:73962","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74458","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74459","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74460","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74461","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74462","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74463","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:74674","https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2026:83550","https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/CVE-2026-12912","https://bugzilla.redhat.com/show_bug.cgi?id=2492871","https://gitlab.com/libtiff/libtiff/-/merge_requests/873","https://gitlab.com/libtiff/libtiff/-/work_items/824","https://security.access.redhat.com/data/csaf/v2/vex/2026/cve-2026-12912.json"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-12912","description":"A flaw was found in libtiff. 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This could potentially result in arbitrary code execution or a denial of service (DoS)."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"fd71a32713192d77","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:qs_project:qs:6.15.3:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"name":"qs","purl":"pkg:npm/qs@6.15.3","type":"npm","version":"6.15.3","language":"javascript","licenses":["BSD-3-Clause"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/node_modules/express/node_modules/qs/package.json","layerID":"sha256:db794d778f658552961a77ae066c64acba61ece43cd344a26cc340e0a393ce2e","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/node_modules/express/node_modules/qs/package.json","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"6.16.0"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-4mjr-xmp4-gh2g","versionConstraint":">=2.2.5,<6.16.0 (semantic)"},"matcher":"javascript-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"qs","version":"6.15.3"},"language":"javascript","namespace":"github:language:javascript"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-4mjr-xmp4-gh2g","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["6.16.0"],"available":[{"date":"2026-09-02","kind":"first-observed","version":"6.16.0"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","metrics":{"baseScore":6.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","cwe":"CWE-248","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","cwe":"CWE-703","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00396,"percentile":0.34309}],"risk":0.21384,"urls":["https://github.com/ljharb/qs/security/advisories/GHSA-4mjr-xmp4-gh2g","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-82417","https://github.com/ljharb/qs/commit/e83d321ffafb38cf210683ac31714fce6ce1c6c6"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:javascript","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4mjr-xmp4-gh2g","description":"qs: Denial of Service via Attacker Controlled isBuffer"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-82417","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":6.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","cwe":"CWE-248","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","cwe":"CWE-703","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-82417","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00396,"percentile":0.34309}],"urls":["https://github.com/ljharb/qs/commit/e83d321ffafb38cf210683ac31714fce6ce1c6c6","https://github.com/ljharb/qs/security/advisories/GHSA-4mjr-xmp4-gh2g"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-82417","description":"### Summary\n\n\n\n`qs.stringify` throws a `TypeError` when it serializes an object whose own `constructor` property has a truthy, non-callable `isBuffer` member. `utils.isBuffer` duck-types buffers by calling `obj.constructor.isBuffer(obj)` after checking only that the property is truthy, so a value such as `{ constructor: { isBuffer: \"x\" } }` makes the call throw `TypeError: obj.constructor.isBuffer is not a function`.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\n`lib/stringify.js:127` calls `utils.isBuffer` on every non-primitive value it serializes. `utils.isBuffer` (`lib/utils.js:332`) reads `obj.constructor.isBuffer` and invokes it without verifying that it is a function. `constructor` and `isBuffer` are ordinary property names, so any object carrying them as own properties reaches the unchecked call.\n\n\n\nSuch an object can be built from untrusted input. `qs.parse(\"x[constructor][isBuffer]=y\", { plainObjects: true })` or `{ allowPrototypes: true }` keeps the `constructor` key as an own property (the default parse options drop it), and `JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":{\\\"constructor\\\":{\\\"isBuffer\\\":\\\"x\\\"}}}\")` produces the same shape with no qs option involved. Express 4 with its default `query parser` setting and body-parser with `extended: true` both call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`, so on those stacks `req.query` and `req.body` can carry the shape directly.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"x[constructor][isBuffer]=y\", { plainObjects: true }));\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":{\\\"constructor\\\":{\\\"isBuffer\\\":\\\"x\\\"}}}\"));\n\n\n\n// TypeError: obj.constructor.isBuffer is not a function\n\n\n\n//     at Object.isBuffer (lib/utils.js:332:78)\n\n\n\n//     at stringify (lib/stringify.js:127:45)\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\n`lib/utils.js`, applied in e83d321 on `main` and released as v6.16.0:\n\n\n\n```diff\n\n\n\n- return !!(obj.constructor && obj.constructor.isBuffer && obj.constructor.isBuffer(obj));\n\n\n\n+ return !!(obj.constructor && typeof obj.constructor.isBuffer === \"function\" && obj.constructor.isBuffer(obj));\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\nReal `Buffer`, `safer-buffer`, and browserify `buffer` polyfill instances serialize exactly as before; only the throw is removed.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=2.2.5 <6.16.0`, fixed in v6.16.0.\n\n\n\nThe unguarded duck-type was introduced in 3768a75 and first shipped in v2.2.5 (September 2014). v2.2.4 and earlier used `Buffer.isBuffer` and are not affected. Every release from v2.2.5 through v6.15.3 contains the unguarded call.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. 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Attackers can supply UTF-16 encoded XML containing lone high surrogates that consume the following code unit, causing Expat to pass unpaired surrogates to applications built with XML_UNICODE and to silently replace input characters in other builds."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"fd71a32713192d77","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:qs_project:qs:6.15.3:*:*:*:*:node.js:*:*"],"name":"qs","purl":"pkg:npm/qs@6.15.3","type":"npm","version":"6.15.3","language":"javascript","licenses":["BSD-3-Clause"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/node_modules/express/node_modules/qs/package.json","layerID":"sha256:db794d778f658552961a77ae066c64acba61ece43cd344a26cc340e0a393ce2e","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/node_modules/express/node_modules/qs/package.json","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"6.16.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-6pq8-jhm2-2vcw","versionConstraint":">=6.7.0,<=6.16.0 (semantic)"},"matcher":"javascript-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"qs","version":"6.15.3"},"language":"javascript","namespace":"github:language:javascript"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-6pq8-jhm2-2vcw","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["6.16.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-10-27","kind":"first-observed","version":"6.16.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","metrics":{"baseScore":6.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","cwe":"CWE-248","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","cwe":"CWE-704","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00368,"percentile":0.31142}],"risk":0.19872,"urls":["https://github.com/ljharb/qs/security/advisories/GHSA-6pq8-jhm2-2vcw","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-110816","https://github.com/ljharb/qs/commit/a952e7519338ef0cfb25694a2988848f93333727","https://github.com/ljharb/qs/releases/tag/v6.16.1"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:javascript","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-6pq8-jhm2-2vcw","description":"qs : qs.stringify with arrayFormat 'comma' throws an uncaught TypeError on array elements carrying a non-callable own toString (DoS)"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-110816","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":6.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","cwe":"CWE-248","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","cwe":"CWE-704","type":"Secondary","source":"7ffcee3d-2c14-4c3e-b844-86c6a321a158"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-110816","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00368,"percentile":0.31142}],"urls":["https://github.com/ljharb/qs/commit/a952e7519338ef0cfb25694a2988848f93333727","https://github.com/ljharb/qs/security/advisories/GHSA-6pq8-jhm2-2vcw"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-110816","description":"### Summary\n\n\n\n`qs.stringify` with `arrayFormat: 'comma'` throws `TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value` when an array element cannot be coerced to a string, such as an object with an own non-callable `toString` (`{ \"toString\": \"x\" }`) or a null-prototype object. The comma format joins array elements with `Array.prototype.join` and, under `encodeValuesOnly`, first passes each element through `String()` in `utils.encode`; neither guards against an element whose string coercion fails.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/stringify.js`, the comma branch collapses the array with `obj.join(',')`. For an element whose own `toString` is not callable, `ToPrimitive` skips it, falls through to `Object.prototype.valueOf` (which returns the object itself), and throws. Under `encodeValuesOnly: true`, the same element first reaches `String(str)` in `utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js`) and throws there. Nested arrays (`{ \"a\": [[{ \"toString\": \"x\" }]] }`) throw the same way, through `Array.prototype.toString`. The `indices`, `brackets`, and `repeat` formats walk into object elements instead of coercing them, and are not affected.\n\n\n\nSuch elements can come from untrusted input. `JSON.parse` produces `{ \"a\": [{ \"toString\": \"x\" }] }` with no qs option involved. `qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true })` keeps the `toString` key, and `qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true })` produces a null-prototype element; the default parse options drop `toString` and produce ordinary objects, which do not throw. Express 4's default `query parser`, Express 5's `extended` query parser, and body-parser's `urlencoded({ extended: true })` all call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":[{\\\"toString\\\":\\\"x\\\"}]}\"), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\", encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\n// TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\nApplied in a952e75 on `main` and released as v6.16.1: an element whose string coercion would fail is coerced to its primitive `valueOf`, if any, or else to `Object.prototype.toString`, so it renders as `[object Object]`, the same as any other object element already does under the comma format. Nested arrays are walked the way `join` walks them. Every input that did not previously throw serializes exactly as before, and a `toString` or `valueOf` that itself throws still propagates.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=6.7.0 <6.16.1`, fixed in v6.16.1.\n\n\n\nThe `join` path was introduced with the comma format in b84acba and first shipped in v6.7.0; v6.6.x and earlier ignore `arrayFormat: 'comma'` and are not affected. The `encodeValuesOnly` `String()` site was introduced in 4c4b23d (v6.11.1); before that, the same input throws at `join`. Every release from v6.7.0 through v6.16.0 is affected.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` and `arrayFormat: 'comma'` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. Where the call runs outside an error boundary, such as an `async` Express 4 handler (where the throw becomes an unhandled promise rejection) or a bare `http` request handler, the process exits, so the impact in that case depends on the application error handling rather than on qs. 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XML_ParseBuffer advances the parse buffer end with parser->m_bufferEnd += len using a caller-supplied length that is not validated against the allocated buffer size, so repeated XML_ParseBuffer calls move m_bufferEnd past the end of the heap allocation and subsequent parsing reads out of bounds. Reaching this path requires a parse buffer to already be present; otherwise XML_ParseBuffer returns XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER. A buffer is present after a prior call to XML_GetBuffer, either directly (the common case) or indirectly through a prior XML_Parse call that allocates the buffer internally. The over-read discloses adjacent heap memory to the calling application, recovering heap pointers, libc function pointers, and code pointers sufficient to defeat ASLR and build further exploitation primitives."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"6dae19c11e60d0df","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:activesupport_project:activesupport:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"activesupport","purl":"pkg:gem/activesupport@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activesupport-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:db794d778f658552961a77ae066c64acba61ece43cd344a26cc340e0a393ce2e","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activesupport-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"activesupport","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":4.7,"impactScore":2.8,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126075","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126075","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00336,"percentile":0.27392}],"risk":0.16296,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4ca090665976e6fbc471c38689b399f84b43cdc7","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activesupport/GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf","description":"Active Support: Possible XSS vulnerability in Active Support MessagePack serializer"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126075","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":4.7,"impactScore":2.8,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126075","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126075","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00336,"percentile":0.27392}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/4ca090665976e6fbc471c38689b399f84b43cdc7","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2w9f-fxwj-w2qf"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126075","description":"Active Support is a collection of utility classes and standard library extensions used by Rails and other Ruby projects. From 8.1 until 8.1.4.1, ActiveSupport::MessagePack serializes an ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer as its bytes alone and deserializes it as a new SafeBuffer, so a buffer that is no longer html_safe? (for example, one mutated in place with gsub!) is restored as html_safe. If such a buffer holds untrusted input and is stored through a MessagePack serializer, rendering it after it is loaded bypasses ERB auto-escaping, possibly leading to XSS. Applications on Rails 8.1 are affected if they use a MessagePack serializer, such as config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :message_pack or :message_pack_allow_marshal, or serializer: :message_pack for Rails.cache, ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier or ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor, and store a SafeBuffer that was mutated in place with untrusted input. Rails 8.0 and earlier do not serialize SafeBuffer with MessagePack and are not affected. This issue is fixed in version 8.1.4.1."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"f0ae564f6cc76e8b","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libc-bin","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libc-bin@2.39-0ubuntu8.9?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=glibc","type":"deb","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9","language":"","licenses":["sha256:d3c95b56fa33e28b57860580f0baf4e4f4de2a268a2b80f1d031a5191bade265"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers"}],"upstreams":[{"name":"glibc"}]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"},"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-8674","versionConstraint":"< 2.39-0ubuntu8.12 (deb)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"glibc","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-8674","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["2.39-0ubuntu8.12"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-12","kind":"advisory","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"}]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","cwe":"CWE-617","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00315,"percentile":0.24768}],"risk":0.1575,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-8674"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-8674","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","cwe":"CWE-617","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00315,"percentile":0.24768}],"urls":["https://joshua.hu/fuzzing-glibc-libresolv","https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=31026","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=advisories/GLIBC-SA-2026-0021","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=commit;h=506ea57086bfb9ce3daff1c14246a1cb532aba0a","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/17/4"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8674","description":"Initializing the DNS stub resolver from an /etc/resolv.conf file, or a LOCALDOMAIN environment variable, whose search list contains a domain of roughly 200 characters or more in the GNU C Library version 2.26 to 2.44 results in an assertion failure which aborts the process.\n\nThe resolver truncates the search list when copying it into the fixed-size _res.defdname buffer, then asserts that the copy is consistent with the full configuration.  The consistency check compared against the wrong size and did not handle a first entry that does not fit, so a correctly truncated list failed the assertion.  Any process that resolves names through the library is affected, including long-running processes that reload /etc/resolv.conf on the next query after it changes.  Search domains are commonly written to /etc/resolv.conf from data received over DHCP or from a VPN server, so an attacker on the local network may be able to trigger this without privileges on the target system, subject to validation by the network configuration software."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"a2811c097c883c6c","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libc6:libc6:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libc6","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libc6@2.39-0ubuntu8.9?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=glibc","type":"deb","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9","language":"","licenses":["sha256:d3c95b56fa33e28b57860580f0baf4e4f4de2a268a2b80f1d031a5191bade265"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libc6/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libc6/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.conffiles","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.conffiles","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}}],"upstreams":[{"name":"glibc"}]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"},"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-8674","versionConstraint":"< 2.39-0ubuntu8.12 (deb)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"glibc","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-8674","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["2.39-0ubuntu8.12"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-12","kind":"advisory","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"}]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","cwe":"CWE-617","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00315,"percentile":0.24768}],"risk":0.1575,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-8674"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-8674","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:A/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","cwe":"CWE-617","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-8674","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00315,"percentile":0.24768}],"urls":["https://joshua.hu/fuzzing-glibc-libresolv","https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=31026","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=advisories/GLIBC-SA-2026-0021","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=commit;h=506ea57086bfb9ce3daff1c14246a1cb532aba0a","http://www.openwall.com/lists/oss-security/2026/09/17/4"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-8674","description":"Initializing the DNS stub resolver from an /etc/resolv.conf file, or a LOCALDOMAIN environment variable, whose search list contains a domain of roughly 200 characters or more in the GNU C Library version 2.26 to 2.44 results in an assertion failure which aborts the process.\n\nThe resolver truncates the search list when copying it into the fixed-size _res.defdname buffer, then asserts that the copy is consistent with the full configuration.  The consistency check compared against the wrong size and did not handle a first entry that does not fit, so a correctly truncated list failed the assertion.  Any process that resolves names through the library is affected, including long-running processes that reload /etc/resolv.conf on the next query after it changes.  Search domains are commonly written to /etc/resolv.conf from data received over DHCP or from a VPN server, so an attacker on the local network may be able to trigger this without privileges on the target system, subject to validation by the network configuration software."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"e5a8a7794ab3177f","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:action_view_project:action_view:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionview","purl":"pkg:gem/actionview@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionview-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:db794d778f658552961a77ae066c64acba61ece43cd344a26cc340e0a393ce2e","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionview-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionview","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-13","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":6.1,"impactScore":2.8,"exploitabilityScore":2.9},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126070","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126070","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00269,"percentile":0.19242}],"risk":0.14929499999999998,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7","https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126070","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/568b19cb860322885593e308a7f27aceb779e9d7","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c3772a10f405f9644125cbb484adfd2aa7a25a59","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionview/GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7","description":"Action View: Possible XSS vulnerability in strip_tags"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126070","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:C/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":6.1,"impactScore":2.8,"exploitabilityScore":2.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126070","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126070","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00269,"percentile":0.19242}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/568b19cb860322885593e308a7f27aceb779e9d7","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/c3772a10f405f9644125cbb484adfd2aa7a25a59","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-rq8q-p985-fjq7"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126070","description":"Action View is a framework for handling view template lookup and rendering and provides view helpers for building HTML. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, strip_tags in Action View returns its sanitized output marked html_safe, but the underlying sanitizer encodes only &, < and >, leaving \" and ' unencoded. Because ERB does not escape a string marked html_safe, untrusted input passed through strip_tags and rendered inside a quoted HTML attribute value could close the attribute and add new attributes, possibly leading to XSS. Applications that render strip_tags output from untrusted input inside an HTML attribute, for example in a title attribute or a <meta content> tag, are affected. Output rendered as element content is not affected. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"f0ae564f6cc76e8b","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libc-bin","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libc-bin@2.39-0ubuntu8.9?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=glibc","type":"deb","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9","language":"","licenses":["sha256:d3c95b56fa33e28b57860580f0baf4e4f4de2a268a2b80f1d031a5191bade265"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers"}],"upstreams":[{"name":"glibc"}]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"},"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-84243","versionConstraint":"< 2.39-0ubuntu8.12 (deb)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"glibc","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["2.39-0ubuntu8.12"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-12","kind":"advisory","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"}]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22676}],"risk":0.1485,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-84243"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.1},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22676}],"urls":["https://inbox.sourceware.org/libc-alpha/20261012112453.47383-1-avinal.xlvii@gmail.com","https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17142","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=advisories/GLIBC-SA-2026-0025"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84243","description":"The gettext family of functions in the GNU C Library version 2.0 and later accept LANGUAGE environment variable entries that contain '/' or that are equal to \"..\", unless the program is setuid or setgid (AT_SECURE).  An attacker who can set LANGUAGE in the environment of a program that uses gettext can make it load a message catalog (.mo file) from an arbitrary location in the file system.  A crafted .mo file can crash the program through out-of-range offsets, or supply translations whose format directives do not match the arguments passed by the program.  That causes undefined behaviour in the printf family of functions and may allow arbitrary code execution with the privileges of the program.  The safety of message catalogs relies on them being installed in trusted, read-only locations, and the directory traversal bypasses this.\n\nThe fix for CVE-2014-0475 rejects \"..\" path components in locale names passed to setlocale or taken from the LC_ALL, LC_* and LANG environment variables.  gettext reads LANGUAGE directly and appends each colon-separated entry to the message catalog directory, so that fix did not cover LANGUAGE.\n\nLANGUAGE is only used when the LC_MESSAGES locale is not \"C\", \"C.<encoding>\" or \"POSIX\", so the attacker must also be able to select another installed locale, for example through LANG or LC_ALL.  Exploitation also requires that the attacker can place the crafted file in a location readable by the target program, and that the environment crosses a trust boundary without the program running as AT_SECURE.  An example is an SSH server that accepts LANGUAGE and LANG from clients through the AcceptEnv directive and restricts an account to a forced command; the attacker may use this to escape the restriction."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"a2811c097c883c6c","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libc6:libc6:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libc6","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libc6@2.39-0ubuntu8.9?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=glibc","type":"deb","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9","language":"","licenses":["sha256:d3c95b56fa33e28b57860580f0baf4e4f4de2a268a2b80f1d031a5191bade265"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libc6/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libc6/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.conffiles","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.conffiles","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc6:amd64.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}}],"upstreams":[{"name":"glibc"}]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"},"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-84243","versionConstraint":"< 2.39-0ubuntu8.12 (deb)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"glibc","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["2.39-0ubuntu8.12"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-12","kind":"advisory","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.12"}]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22676}],"risk":0.1485,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-84243"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.1},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22676}],"urls":["https://inbox.sourceware.org/libc-alpha/20261012112453.47383-1-avinal.xlvii@gmail.com","https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17142","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=advisories/GLIBC-SA-2026-0025"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84243","description":"The gettext family of functions in the GNU C Library version 2.0 and later accept LANGUAGE environment variable entries that contain '/' or that are equal to \"..\", unless the program is setuid or setgid (AT_SECURE).  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This feature uses the getpeername() function, passing a buffer of\nsufficient length to hold any supported address family, but passes a buffer\nlength that is only sized such that larger addresses, such as IPv6, cannot be\nretrieved. The getpeername() function however, still returns the full address\nlength, which is accepted as the valid input buffer length, leading to the\naddress buffer containing uninitialized stack data instead of the actual peer\naddress. 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The severity is Low because the attacker\nmust supply the recipient certificate and the application must choose to\nencrypt to it; ordinary CMS encryption to trusted recipients is unaffected.\n\nThe fix makes EC key generation fail when the group has no valid nonzero\nprivate scalar, instead of retrying indefinitely.\n\nFIPS impact: no\nThe FIPS modules in 4.1, 4.0, 3.5 and 3.0 are not affected. 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Attackers who control a pathname component can redirect file access control list operations to arbitrary files when getfacl, setfacl, or chacl is invoked by a privileged process over an attacker-controlled path, resulting in local privilege escalation."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"db9250ad2fb3f819","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:gpgv:gpgv:2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"gpgv","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/gpgv@2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=gnupg2","type":"deb","version":"2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6","language":"","licenses":["BSD-3-clause","CC0-1.0","Expat","GPL-2+","GPL-2.0","GPL-3","GPL-3+","LGPL-2.1","LGPL-2.1+","LGPL-3","LGPL-3+","RFC-Reference","TinySCHEME","permissive"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:1ce0cec9f136693a2d60729b2204a746e147eefc7d5cbcd0652fc15a894ab3e5","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/gpgv/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/gpgv/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.list","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.list"}],"upstreams":[{"name":"gnupg2"}]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-105712","versionConstraint":"none (unknown)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"gnupg2","version":"2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-105712","fix":{"state":"not-fixed","versions":[]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","cwe":"CWE-61","type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00128,"percentile":0.02524}],"risk":0.038400000000000004,"urls":[],"severity":"Low","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-105712"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-105712","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":3.6,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.1},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","cwe":"CWE-61","type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","date":"2026-11-13","epss":0.00128,"percentile":0.02524}],"urls":["https://github.com/gpg/gnupg/commit/7a2692fe5e580ae3bbb2a47abc4baaf1af65aa88","https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-announce/2026q2/000504.html","https://static.dev.gnupg.org/T8159.html"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-105712","description":"gpgtar in GnuPG before 2.5.19 can allow file overwrite via crafted data in an archive. 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