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A single parameter such as `a[]=1,2,2,...` therefore produces an inner array of arbitrary length even though the caller opted into the hard limit. This is the `[]=` key form that the fix for CVE-2026-2391 (qs 6.14.2) did not cover.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/parse.js`, a comma-separated value under a `[]=` key is split and then wrapped as a single nested element (`val = [val]`, so that each `a[]=x,y` group counts as one element of the outer array). The `arrayLimit` check that 6.14.2 added for comma values runs after that wrap, so for `[]=` parts it only ever saw the wrapper of length 1. 6.15.3 added a pre-split comma count so that an oversized value throws before it is allocated, but gated it on an `isFlatArrayValue` flag that `parseValues` set to `false` for any part containing `[]=`, and did not pass it for object-valued input, so the gap remained.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require('qs');\n\n\n\nvar options = { comma: true, arrayLimit: 3, throwOnLimitExceeded: true };\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a=1,2,3,4', options);   // RangeError: Array limit exceeded. Only 3 elements allowed in an array.\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a[]=1,2,3,4', options); // { a: [ [ '1', '2', '3', '4' ] ] }  (no throw)\n\n\n\nqs.parse('a[]=' + '1,'.repeat(1000000) + '1', { comma: true, arrayLimit: 20, throwOnLimitExceeded: true });\n\n\n\n// no throw; a 1,000,001-element inner array is allocated\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\n`lib/parse.js`, applied in 8859c37 on `main` and released as v6.16.0: the `isFlatArrayValue` gate is removed, so every comma-split value is counted against `arrayLimit` before splitting regardless of key form. An in-limit group under `a[]=` still counts as one element of the outer array, and the default (`throwOnLimitExceeded: false`) path is unchanged.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=6.14.2 <6.16.0`, fixed in v6.16.0.\n\n\n\nv6.14.2 introduced `arrayLimit` enforcement for comma values (the fix for CVE-2026-2391) but only for values not under a `[]=` key, and every release from v6.14.2 through v6.15.3 has the same gap. v6.14.0 and v6.14.1, where `throwOnLimitExceeded` exists but does not apply to any comma form, are covered by CVE-2026-2391 rather than this record. Earlier lines (6.7.x through 6.13.x) have `comma` but no `throwOnLimitExceeded`, so there is no hard cap on any comma path to bypass; releases before 6.7.0 have no `comma` option.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated attacker who can reach an application that parses untrusted query strings or urlencoded bodies with both `comma: true` and `throwOnLimitExceeded: true` (both non-default) can bypass the configured limit with a single `a[]=` parameter and force the parser to allocate an array proportional to the request size. The cost is strictly linear in the attacker-supplied bytes (about 0.1 microseconds and 6 to 7 retained bytes per input byte; the same out-of-memory threshold as the documented default `throwOnLimitExceeded: false` path), so a transport-layer request or body size limit bounds it completely (and node's default maximum HTTP header size of 16 KB already bounds the request line, so multi-megabyte payloads need a body parser). 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Express 4 with its default `query parser` setting and body-parser with `extended: true` both call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`, so on those stacks `req.query` and `req.body` can carry the shape directly.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"x[constructor][isBuffer]=y\", { plainObjects: true }));\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":{\\\"constructor\\\":{\\\"isBuffer\\\":\\\"x\\\"}}}\"));\n\n\n\n// TypeError: obj.constructor.isBuffer is not a function\n\n\n\n//     at Object.isBuffer (lib/utils.js:332:78)\n\n\n\n//     at stringify (lib/stringify.js:127:45)\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\n`lib/utils.js`, applied in e83d321 on `main` and released as v6.16.0:\n\n\n\n```diff\n\n\n\n- return !!(obj.constructor && obj.constructor.isBuffer && obj.constructor.isBuffer(obj));\n\n\n\n+ return !!(obj.constructor && typeof obj.constructor.isBuffer === \"function\" && obj.constructor.isBuffer(obj));\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\nReal `Buffer`, `safer-buffer`, and browserify `buffer` polyfill instances serialize exactly as before; only the throw is removed.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=2.2.5 <6.16.0`, fixed in v6.16.0.\n\n\n\nThe unguarded duck-type was introduced in 3768a75 and first shipped in v2.2.5 (September 2014). v2.2.4 and earlier used `Buffer.isBuffer` and are not affected. Every release from v2.2.5 through v6.15.3 contains the unguarded call.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. 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The comma format joins array elements with `Array.prototype.join` and, under `encodeValuesOnly`, first passes each element through `String()` in `utils.encode`; neither guards against an element whose string coercion fails.\n\n\n\n### Details\n\n\n\nIn `lib/stringify.js`, the comma branch collapses the array with `obj.join(',')`. For an element whose own `toString` is not callable, `ToPrimitive` skips it, falls through to `Object.prototype.valueOf` (which returns the object itself), and throws. Under `encodeValuesOnly: true`, the same element first reaches `String(str)` in `utils.encode` (`lib/utils.js`) and throws there. Nested arrays (`{ \"a\": [[{ \"toString\": \"x\" }]] }`) throw the same way, through `Array.prototype.toString`. The `indices`, `brackets`, and `repeat` formats walk into object elements instead of coercing them, and are not affected.\n\n\n\nSuch elements can come from untrusted input. `JSON.parse` produces `{ \"a\": [{ \"toString\": \"x\" }] }` with no qs option involved. `qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true })` keeps the `toString` key, and `qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true })` produces a null-prototype element; the default parse options drop `toString` and produce ordinary objects, which do not throw. Express 4's default `query parser`, Express 5's `extended` query parser, and body-parser's `urlencoded({ extended: true })` all call `qs.parse` with `allowPrototypes: true`.\n\n\n\n#### PoC\n\n\n\n```js\n\n\n\nvar qs = require(\"qs\");\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(JSON.parse(\"{\\\"a\\\":[{\\\"toString\\\":\\\"x\\\"}]}\"), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[0][toString]=x\", { allowPrototypes: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\" });\n\n\n\nqs.stringify(qs.parse(\"a[][b]=c\", { plainObjects: true }), { arrayFormat: \"comma\", encodeValuesOnly: true });\n\n\n\n// TypeError: Cannot convert object to primitive value\n\n\n\n```\n\n\n\n#### Fix\n\n\n\nApplied in a952e75 on `main` and released as v6.16.1: an element whose string coercion would fail is coerced to its primitive `valueOf`, if any, or else to `Object.prototype.toString`, so it renders as `[object Object]`, the same as any other object element already does under the comma format. Nested arrays are walked the way `join` walks them. Every input that did not previously throw serializes exactly as before, and a `toString` or `valueOf` that itself throws still propagates.\n\n\n\n### Affected versions\n\n\n\n`>=6.7.0 <6.16.1`, fixed in v6.16.1.\n\n\n\nThe `join` path was introduced with the comma format in b84acba and first shipped in v6.7.0; v6.6.x and earlier ignore `arrayFormat: 'comma'` and are not affected. The `encodeValuesOnly` `String()` site was introduced in 4c4b23d (v6.11.1); before that, the same input throws at `join`. Every release from v6.7.0 through v6.16.0 is affected.\n\n\n\n### Impact\n\n\n\nAn unauthenticated request can make any code path that re-serializes attacker-influenced data with `qs.stringify` and `arrayFormat: 'comma'` (for example, rebuilding a query string from `req.query` for a redirect or an upstream request, or serializing a parsed JSON body) throw synchronously. In a typical Node.js HTTP framework the throw is caught by the framework error boundary and the affected request returns a 500; the process survives and other requests are unaffected. Where the call runs outside an error boundary, such as an `async` Express 4 handler (where the throw becomes an unhandled promise rejection) or a bare `http` request handler, the process exits, so the impact in that case depends on the application error handling rather than on qs. 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XML_ParseBuffer advances the parse buffer end with parser->m_bufferEnd += len using a caller-supplied length that is not validated against the allocated buffer size, so repeated XML_ParseBuffer calls move m_bufferEnd past the end of the heap allocation and subsequent parsing reads out of bounds. Reaching this path requires a parse buffer to already be present; otherwise XML_ParseBuffer returns XML_ERROR_NO_BUFFER. A buffer is present after a prior call to XML_GetBuffer, either directly (the common case) or indirectly through a prior XML_Parse call that allocates the buffer internally. The over-read discloses adjacent heap memory to the calling application, recovering heap pointers, libc function pointers, and code pointers sufficient to defeat ASLR and build further exploitation primitives."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"f0ae564f6cc76e8b","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc-bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc_bin:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc-bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:libc:libc_bin:2.39-0ubuntu8.9:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libc-bin","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libc-bin@2.39-0ubuntu8.9?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=glibc","type":"deb","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9","language":"","licenses":["sha256:d3c95b56fa33e28b57860580f0baf4e4f4de2a268a2b80f1d031a5191bade265"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:0967237b4b208851bbaf65a972fe23a40c724580859a38dadaad3ab19bec832a","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libc-bin/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.conffiles","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.list"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.postinst"},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libc-bin.triggers"}],"upstreams":[{"name":"glibc"}]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-84243","versionConstraint":"none (unknown)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"glibc","version":"2.39-0ubuntu8.9"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","fix":{"state":"not-fixed","versions":[]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22605}],"risk":0.1485,"urls":[],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-84243"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-84243","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.1},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","cwe":"CWE-22","type":"Secondary","source":"3ff69d7a-14f2-4f67-a097-88dee7810d18"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-84243","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00297,"percentile":0.22605}],"urls":["https://inbox.sourceware.org/libc-alpha/20261012112453.47383-1-avinal.xlvii@gmail.com","https://sourceware.org/bugzilla/show_bug.cgi?id=17142","https://sourceware.org/git/?p=glibc.git;a=blob_plain;f=advisories/GLIBC-SA-2026-0025"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-84243","description":"The gettext family of functions in the GNU C Library version 2.0 and later accept LANGUAGE environment variable entries that contain '/' or that are equal to \"..\", unless the program is setuid or setgid (AT_SECURE).  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The safety of message catalogs relies on them being installed in trusted, read-only locations, and the directory traversal bypasses this.\n\nThe fix for CVE-2014-0475 rejects \"..\" path components in locale names passed to setlocale or taken from the LC_ALL, LC_* and LANG environment variables.  gettext reads LANGUAGE directly and appends each colon-separated entry to the message catalog directory, so that fix did not cover LANGUAGE.\n\nLANGUAGE is only used when the LC_MESSAGES locale is not \"C\", \"C.<encoding>\" or \"POSIX\", so the attacker must also be able to select another installed locale, for example through LANG or LC_ALL.  Exploitation also requires that the attacker can place the crafted file in a location readable by the target program, and that the environment crosses a trust boundary without the program running as AT_SECURE.  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Attackers who control a pathname component can redirect file access control list operations to arbitrary files when getfacl, setfacl, or chacl is invoked by a privileged process over an attacker-controlled path, resulting in local privilege escalation."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"db9250ad2fb3f819","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:gpgv:gpgv:2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"gpgv","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/gpgv@2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04&upstream=gnupg2","type":"deb","version":"2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6","language":"","licenses":["BSD-3-clause","CC0-1.0","Expat","GPL-2+","GPL-2.0","GPL-3","GPL-3+","LGPL-2.1","LGPL-2.1+","LGPL-3","LGPL-3+","RFC-Reference","TinySCHEME","permissive"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:0967237b4b208851bbaf65a972fe23a40c724580859a38dadaad3ab19bec832a","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/gpgv/copyright","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/gpgv/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.list","layerID":"sha256:bec87777bc2fb2edcdf9af11df1531469e7df911309c1413082b18fcb8610278","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/gpgv.list"}],"upstreams":[{"name":"gnupg2"}]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-indirect-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-105712","versionConstraint":"none (unknown)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"gnupg2","version":"2.4.4-2ubuntu17.6"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-105712","fix":{"state":"not-fixed","versions":[]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","cwe":"CWE-61","type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00128,"percentile":0.02502}],"risk":0.038400000000000004,"urls":[],"severity":"Low","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-105712"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-105712","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":3.6,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.1},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","cwe":"CWE-61","type":"Secondary","source":"cve@mitre.org"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-105712","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00128,"percentile":0.02502}],"urls":["https://github.com/gpg/gnupg/commit/7a2692fe5e580ae3bbb2a47abc4baaf1af65aa88","https://lists.gnupg.org/pipermail/gnupg-announce/2026q2/000504.html","https://static.dev.gnupg.org/T8159.html"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-105712","description":"gpgtar in GnuPG before 2.5.19 can allow file overwrite via crafted data in an archive. When extracting an untrusted archive with --directory (aka -C) into an existing directory containing a pre-existing symlink, gpgtar can follow that symlink and create or overwrite a file outside the selected extraction directory. The write is limited by the extraction user's filesystem permissions. An archive extracted into a fresh empty directory does not have this risk."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"14ba939d2194f6f5","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:libxml2:libxml2:2.9.14\\+dfsg-1.3ubuntu3.10:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"libxml2","purl":"pkg:deb/ubuntu/libxml2@2.9.14%2Bdfsg-1.3ubuntu3.10?arch=amd64&distro=ubuntu-24.04","type":"deb","version":"2.9.14+dfsg-1.3ubuntu3.10","language":"","licenses":["ISC","MIT-1"],"locations":[{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","layerID":"sha256:0967237b4b208851bbaf65a972fe23a40c724580859a38dadaad3ab19bec832a","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/status","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}},{"path":"/usr/share/doc/libxml2/copyright","layerID":"sha256:0967237b4b208851bbaf65a972fe23a40c724580859a38dadaad3ab19bec832a","accessPath":"/usr/share/doc/libxml2/copyright","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}},{"path":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libxml2:amd64.md5sums","layerID":"sha256:0967237b4b208851bbaf65a972fe23a40c724580859a38dadaad3ab19bec832a","accessPath":"/var/lib/dpkg/info/libxml2:amd64.md5sums","annotations":{"evidence":"supporting"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"CVE-2026-11979","versionConstraint":"none (unknown)"},"matcher":"dpkg-matcher","searchedBy":{"distro":{"type":"ubuntu","version":"24.04"},"package":{"name":"libxml2","version":"2.9.14+dfsg-1.3ubuntu3.10"},"namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"CVE-2026-11979","fix":{"state":"wont-fix","versions":[]},"cvss":[],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-11979","cwe":"CWE-121","type":"Secondary","source":"cvd@cert.pl"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-11979","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00148,"percentile":0.04061}],"risk":0.007400000000000001,"urls":[],"severity":"Negligible","namespace":"ubuntu:distro:ubuntu:24.04","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://ubuntu.com/security/CVE-2026-11979"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-11979","cvss":[{"type":"Primary","source":"nvd@nist.gov","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:L/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7.8,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":1.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}},{"type":"Secondary","source":"cvd@cert.pl","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:A/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":1.8},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-11979","cwe":"CWE-121","type":"Secondary","source":"cvd@cert.pl"}],"epss":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-11979","date":"2026-11-10","epss":0.00148,"percentile":0.04061}],"urls":["https://cert.pl/en/posts/2026/06/CVE-2026-11979","https://gitlab.gnome.org/GNOME/libxml2/-/commit/c2e233fc1b341685fc99621b2768b503f777a72e"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-11979","description":"libxml2 is vulnerable to multiple stack-based buffer overflows in the xmlcatalog utility when running in --shell mode. The usershell() function processes user input using fixed-size stack buffers without proper bounds checking.\nBy supplying an overly long input line, an attacker can overflow internal buffers (command, arg, and argv) during input parsing. This results in memory corruption within the stack frame.\nSuccessful exploitation may cause a crash or potentially allow arbitrary code execution in the context of the xmlcatalog process.\n\nThis issue has been fixed in the commit c2e233fc.\n\nNOTE:\nThe maintainers of this project did not agree that this issue is a vulnerability and considered it a bug."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"c8c26bfbf9dc7ef2","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:actionpack_project:actionpack:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionpack","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":7.4,"impactScore":5.2,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126083","cwe":"CWE-348","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/2a01a5ac521184419d9a92fa2c25e102e68cd227","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p.yml"],"severity":"High","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p","description":"Action Pack: Possible IP spoofing in Action Dispatch RemoteIp"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126083","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":7.4,"impactScore":5.2,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126083","cwe":"CWE-348","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/2a01a5ac521184419d9a92fa2c25e102e68cd227","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2gff-2mmg-m73p"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126083","description":"Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. From 8.1 until 8.1.4.1, Since Rails 8.1.0, ActionDispatch::RemoteIp derives request.remote_ip from Rack::Request#forwarded_for, which under Rack 3 reads the RFC 7239 Forwarded header in preference to X-Forwarded-For. When a reverse proxy appends the client address to X-Forwarded-For but passes a client-supplied Forwarded header through unchanged, request.remote_ip returns an address chosen by the client, and the IP spoofing check does not raise, because it compares only Client-Ip with the forwarded addresses. An unauthenticated attacker could therefore spoof request.remote_ip, possibly bypassing IP-based access controls and rate limits keyed on the client address (including the default by: of rate_limit), and falsifying the client address in logs. An application is affected if it meets all of these requirements: Runs Rails 8.1.0 through 8.1.4 with Rack 3. Under Rack 2.2, forwarded_for reads only X-Forwarded-For. Is served behind a proxy that does not remove or overwrite a client-supplied Forwarded header. Relies on request.remote_ip for access control, rate limiting, or auditing. The fix detects a spoofed Forwarded header only when the proxy also sets X-Forwarded-For. An application whose proxy passes a client-supplied Forwarded header through and sets no X-Forwarded-For remains exposed after upgrading, and should configure the proxy to remove or overwrite Forwarded, or apply the workaround below. This issue is fixed in version 8.1.4.1."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"6ae07152ea5f7175","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:david-heinemeier-hansson:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:david_heinemeier_hansson:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:activestorage:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby_lang:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"activestorage","purl":"pkg:gem/activestorage@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activestorage-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activestorage-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"activestorage","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":8.8,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":2.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126186","cwe":"CWE-646","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/72136ff39153bc8d63ecbc899993848eb3d6573e","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8106938fb0a595f11006dd1497cd409e27d7d636","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activestorage/GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh.yml"],"severity":"High","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh","description":"Active Storage: Possible arbitrary file read and remote code execution in video previews, analysis and image processing"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126186","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":8.8,"impactScore":5.9,"exploitabilityScore":2.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126186","cwe":"CWE-646","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/72136ff39153bc8d63ecbc899993848eb3d6573e","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/8106938fb0a595f11006dd1497cd409e27d7d636","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-v924-7rp8-4mxh"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126186","description":"Active Storage makes it simple to upload and reference files in cloud services and attach those files to Active Record objects. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, ActiveStorage::Blob#open writes a blob to a tempfile whose name carries the extension of the uploaded filename, and hands that path to ffprobe (VideoAnalyzer, AudioAnalyzer), ffmpeg (VideoPreviewer) and ImageMagick (ImageAnalyzer, the :mini_magick variant processor). These tools select a decoder from the file extension when the content does not identify its own format, so an attacker who chooses the filename and declares the content type of an upload chooses which decoder processes it. An FFmpeg built with AviSynth support treats a file with the .avs extension as an AviSynth script and evaluates it, which could disclose files readable by the application process through the preview image, or load a native library the attacker has also uploaded, possibly leading to remote code execution in the FFmpeg process. ImageMagick selects its coders and delegates from the extension in the same way. An application is affected if it accepts uploads from untrusted users and analyzes video or audio attachments, generates video previews, or processes images with ImageMagick. The AviSynth attack additionally requires an FFmpeg built with --enable-avisynth and the AviSynthPlus runtime on the host. Upstream FFmpeg and the common Linux distribution and Homebrew packages do not enable it; the GPL builds distributed for Windows and Linux from ffmpeg.org do. Other decoders that FFmpeg or ImageMagick select from the extension may be reachable without AviSynth. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"6dae19c11e60d0df","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:activesupport_project:activesupport:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"activesupport","purl":"pkg:gem/activesupport@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activesupport-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activesupport-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"activesupport","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7.5,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126080","cwe":"CWE-74","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/210ac22d446c8e2625b091e79256806b836eee20","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/95aa9e416016524956d4904fed96eaed079580bb","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activesupport/GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69.yml"],"severity":"High","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69","description":"Active Support: Possible DoS vulnerability in Active Support safe_constantize"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126080","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":7.5,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":3.9},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126080","cwe":"CWE-74","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/210ac22d446c8e2625b091e79256806b836eee20","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/95aa9e416016524956d4904fed96eaed079580bb","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-8474-xrp6-wh69"],"severity":"High","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126080","description":"Active Support is a collection of utility classes and standard library extensions used by Rails and other Ruby projects. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, when constant lookup raises LoadError, ActiveSupport::Inflector#safe_constantize (and String#safe_constantize) builds a regular expression from the requested constant name without escaping it, so a caller that passes untrusted input lets the attacker choose the source of a pattern that the application compiles. Crafted patterns can trigger defects in Ruby's regular expression compiler, possibly leading to a crash of the server process, and repeated requests could keep the application unavailable. Action Cable passes the channel value of each subscribe command to safe_constantize before any channel lookup, so an unauthenticated client can reach this code when the application mounts Action Cable and accepts connections from untrusted clients without an added authentication check. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"c8c26bfbf9dc7ef2","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:actionpack_project:actionpack:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionpack","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":4.2,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126076","cwe":"CWE-613","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5bb5ec66ed8faaf590ffe1222d7a5eb6e9d050f5","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d479192cf88a8b30a335a8bc25188a2d8e0f8d9f","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj","description":"Action Pack: Possible restoration of destroyed sessions in Action Dispatch CacheStore"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126076","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":4.2,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126076","cwe":"CWE-613","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/5bb5ec66ed8faaf590ffe1222d7a5eb6e9d050f5","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/d479192cf88a8b30a335a8bc25188a2d8e0f8d9f","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-2586-8ghr-69fj"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126076","description":"Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, ActionDispatch::Session::CacheStore writes a session back to the cache at the end of each request that loaded it, without checking that the session's cache entry still exists. When a concurrent request destroys the session, through reset_session on logout or by deleting its cache entry on the server, a request that loaded the session earlier and finishes later restores it under its original session ID. Logout and server-side revocation could therefore fail to end a session, and an attacker who holds a stolen session cookie could keep that session valid across the victim's logout. Applications that use config.session_store :cache_store are affected, with any cache backend. ActionDispatch::Session::CookieStore is not affected, nor is ActionDispatch::Session::MemCacheStore with Dalli 4.0.0 or later, whose session store does not write back a session that was deleted. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"c8c26bfbf9dc7ef2","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:actionpack_project:actionpack:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6","versionConstraint":">=8.1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionpack","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":4.8,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126073","cwe":"CWE-436","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7a955ca36779938267c93902c47d1f55bab99b4b","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b58c107abe9c1f10c1d6a4941402c60e4dc4742c","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6","description":"Action Pack: Possible cache poisoning in Action Pack content negotiation"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126073","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:L","metrics":{"baseScore":4.8,"impactScore":2.6,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126073","cwe":"CWE-436","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/7a955ca36779938267c93902c47d1f55bab99b4b","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/b58c107abe9c1f10c1d6a4941402c60e4dc4742c","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-r9jg-fmfx-2gv6"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126073","description":"Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. Prior to 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2, Action Pack negotiates the format of a rendered response from the Accept, X-Requested-With and, for XHR requests without Accept, Content-Type request headers, but ActionController::Rendering#_set_vary_header adds Vary: Accept only when the request carries a usable Accept header and the response has no Vary header yet. A response to a request without Accept, or to an XHR request, therefore omits the headers that selected its representation, and a response whose Vary the application set before rendering (for example Vary: Accept-Language) never gains Accept. A shared cache that honours Vary could store such a response and serve it to later clients that request a different representation, possibly leading to cache poisoning in which visitors receive, until the entry expires, a page without its layout or HTML in place of JSON. The attacker cannot choose the content of the response. Applications that render negotiated responses from actions marked public (for example with expires_in ..., public: true) behind a shared cache that honours Vary, such as Thruster or Rack::Cache, are affected. This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"6ae07152ea5f7175","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:david-heinemeier-hansson:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:david_heinemeier_hansson:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:activestorage:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby-lang:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby_lang:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:ruby:activestorage:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"activestorage","purl":"pkg:gem/activestorage@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activestorage-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/activestorage-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"activestorage","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126071","cwe":"CWE-772","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/3c67a693fb21870ecb1222e3da59d5c491a62009","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/655b4442de136a3701334607f634d698bf9d5b82","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/activestorage/GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8.yml"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8","description":"Active Storage: Possible DoS vulnerability in Active Storage proxy mode via storage errors during streaming"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126071","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:L/UI:N/S:U/C:N/I:N/A:H","metrics":{"baseScore":5.3,"impactScore":3.6,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126071","cwe":"CWE-772","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/3c67a693fb21870ecb1222e3da59d5c491a62009","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/655b4442de136a3701334607f634d698bf9d5b82","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-4v2w-w6g6-f8f8"],"severity":"Medium","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126071","description":"Active Storage makes it simple to upload and reference files in cloud services and attach those files to Active Record objects. From 8.0 until 8.0.5.2 and 8.1.4.1, when Active Storage serves a file through its proxy controllers, ActiveStorage::Streaming#send_blob_stream handles an error from the storage service by calling head to send a 404 or 500 response. If the error occurs after the first chunk has been written, the response is already committed, and head replaces the response body while the server is still reading the original ActionController::Live buffer. That buffer is never closed, so the server thread handling the request blocks until the process restarts. Repeated failed downloads could exhaust the server's threads, possibly resulting in a DoS vulnerability. Applications are affected when they store files on a service that streams a download in several requests, such as Amazon S3, an S3-compatible service or Google Cloud Storage, and draw Active Storage's default routes. The proxy routes are drawn whether or not proxy mode is the default for the application. A file deleted while it is being served, or any other storage error partway through a download, triggers the condition. 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From 8.1 until 8.1.4.1, ActiveSupport::MessagePack serializes an ActiveSupport::SafeBuffer as its bytes alone and deserializes it as a new SafeBuffer, so a buffer that is no longer html_safe? (for example, one mutated in place with gsub!) is restored as html_safe. If such a buffer holds untrusted input and is stored through a MessagePack serializer, rendering it after it is loaded bypasses ERB auto-escaping, possibly leading to XSS. Applications on Rails 8.1 are affected if they use a MessagePack serializer, such as config.action_dispatch.cookies_serializer = :message_pack or :message_pack_allow_marshal, or serializer: :message_pack for Rails.cache, ActiveSupport::MessageVerifier or ActiveSupport::MessageEncryptor, and store a SafeBuffer that was mutated in place with untrusted input. Rails 8.0 and earlier do not serialize SafeBuffer with MessagePack and are not affected. 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This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"c8c26bfbf9dc7ef2","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:actionpack_project:actionpack:8.1.3.1:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*"],"name":"actionpack","purl":"pkg:gem/actionpack@8.1.3.1","type":"gem","version":"8.1.3.1","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/actionpack-8.1.3.1.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"8.1.4.1"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw","versionConstraint":">=8.1.0.beta1,<8.1.4.1 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"actionpack","version":"8.1.3.1"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["8.1.4.1"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"8.1.4.1"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":3.1,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126067","cwe":"CWE-352","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/2d9f502df941e31ce9bad0e846564f49396bed46","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f2392996be723708271a8d30bfcf0edc221e53ef","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/actionpack/GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw.yml"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw","description":"Action Pack: Missing SameSite attribute on session cookies from Action Pack session stores"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126067","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:N/I:L/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":3.1,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":1.7},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126067","cwe":"CWE-352","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/2d9f502df941e31ce9bad0e846564f49396bed46","https://github.com/rails/rails/commit/f2392996be723708271a8d30bfcf0edc221e53ef","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.0.5.2","https://github.com/rails/rails/releases/tag/v8.1.4.1","https://github.com/rails/rails/security/advisories/GHSA-gmj8-hvj3-49mw"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126067","description":"Action Pack is a framework for handling and responding to web requests. 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This issue is fixed in versions 8.1.4.1 and 8.0.5.2."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"2d89d3b13bf3e5f5","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"nokogiri","purl":"pkg:gem/nokogiri@1.19.4","type":"gem","version":"1.19.4","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"1.19.5"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w","versionConstraint":"<1.19.5 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"nokogiri","version":"1.19.4"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["1.19.5"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"1.19.5"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N","metrics":{"baseScore":2},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126064","cwe":"CWE-416","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/b15b518db9fd15fd6b046f73d1439c282e5cc425","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/feaed3c8c9bd9d81d064d4ca09b16044cd705d6f","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/nokogiri/GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w.yml","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w","description":"Nokogiri: Use-After-Free in Nokogiri when replacing an attribute value"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126064","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:L/AC:H/AT:P/PR:L/UI:N/VC:N/VI:N/VA:L/SC:N/SI:N/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":2},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126064","cwe":"CWE-416","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/b15b518db9fd15fd6b046f73d1439c282e5cc425","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/feaed3c8c9bd9d81d064d4ca09b16044cd705d6f","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-3w22-6jfg-527w"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126064","description":"Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for the Ruby programming language. Prior to 1.19.5, the CRuby native extension can leave Ruby wrappers pointing to freed memory when Nokogiri::XML::Node#[]= or Nokogiri::XML::Node#lang= replaces an existing attribute value after code has accessed the attribute's child nodes. Replacing the value frees native child nodes while their wrappers remain reachable, and later use of those wrappers can cause an invalid read or process segfault. JRuby is not affected. This issue is fixed in version 1.19.5."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"2d89d3b13bf3e5f5","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"nokogiri","purl":"pkg:gem/nokogiri@1.19.4","type":"gem","version":"1.19.4","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"1.19.5"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4","versionConstraint":">=1.12.0,<1.19.5 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"nokogiri","version":"1.19.4"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["1.19.5"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"1.19.5"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N","metrics":{"baseScore":2.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126063","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-126063","cwe":"CWE-116","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/3e84df6ff7ab4d78f446e3a415430bd69a055d32","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/c6c0bffbdcd194694995acafeeed27326b0805f8","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/nokogiri/GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4.yml","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4","description":"Nokogiri: Mutation XSS through `noscript` content in Nokogiri's HTML5 serializer"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126063","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:4.0/AV:N/AC:L/AT:P/PR:N/UI:P/VC:N/VI:N/VA:N/SC:L/SI:L/SA:N/E:X/CR:X/IR:X/AR:X/MAV:X/MAC:X/MAT:X/MPR:X/MUI:X/MVC:X/MVI:X/MVA:X/MSC:X/MSI:X/MSA:X/S:X/AU:X/R:X/V:X/RE:X/U:X","metrics":{"baseScore":2.3},"version":"4.0","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126063","cwe":"CWE-79","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-126063","cwe":"CWE-116","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/3e84df6ff7ab4d78f446e3a415430bd69a055d32","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/c6c0bffbdcd194694995acafeeed27326b0805f8","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-4p39-36wj-23h4"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126063","description":"Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for the Ruby programming language. From 1.12.0 until 1.19.5, the C extension on CRuby and TruffleRuby has a Nokogiri::HTML5 serializer that does not escape text inside noscript elements or angle brackets inside attribute values. When an application sanitizes untrusted HTML with the default parsing options, allows noscript, and sends serialized output to a scripting-enabled browser, the browser can parse markup that Nokogiri did not produce, enabling mutation cross-site scripting. Using parse_noscript_content_as_text: true is the recommended workaround, not the vulnerable default. JRuby is not affected because it does not implement Nokogiri::HTML5. This issue is fixed in version 1.19.5."}]},{"artifact":{"id":"2d89d3b13bf3e5f5","cpes":["cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:ruby:*:*","cpe:2.3:a:nokogiri:nokogiri:1.19.4:*:*:*:*:*:*:*"],"name":"nokogiri","purl":"pkg:gem/nokogiri@1.19.4","type":"gem","version":"1.19.4","language":"ruby","licenses":["MIT"],"locations":[{"path":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","layerID":"sha256:661fc4d223add4f6f54ae34ad2f44cd94a681abca398d7b019fefcc5ae0108d1","accessPath":"/opt/mastodon/vendor/bundle/ruby/4.0.0/specifications/nokogiri-1.19.4-x86_64-linux-gnu.gemspec","annotations":{"evidence":"primary"}}],"upstreams":[]},"matchDetails":[{"fix":{"suggestedVersion":"1.19.5"},"type":"exact-direct-match","found":{"vulnerabilityID":"GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm","versionConstraint":"<1.19.5 (gem)"},"matcher":"ruby-gem-matcher","searchedBy":{"package":{"name":"nokogiri","version":"1.19.4"},"language":"ruby","namespace":"github:language:ruby"}}],"vulnerability":{"id":"GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm","fix":{"state":"fixed","versions":["1.19.5"],"available":[{"date":"2026-11-11","kind":"first-observed","version":"1.19.5"}]},"cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":3.7,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126062","cwe":"CWE-611","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-126062","cwe":"CWE-918","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"risk":0,"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/97f41b65f4ee0cac859b87f0b26d2648c4806cb8","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/e448ca2827a9198644610fb730259e12baacdeac","https://github.com/rubysec/ruby-advisory-db/blob/master/gems/nokogiri/GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm.yml","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"github:language:ruby","advisories":[],"dataSource":"https://github.com/advisories/GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm","description":"JRuby: NONET is bypassed for external DTDs and entities when the systemId uses a short-form IPv4 host"},"relatedVulnerabilities":[{"id":"CVE-2026-126062","cvss":[{"type":"Secondary","source":"security-advisories@github.com","vector":"CVSS:3.1/AV:N/AC:H/PR:N/UI:N/S:U/C:L/I:N/A:N","metrics":{"baseScore":3.7,"impactScore":1.5,"exploitabilityScore":2.3},"version":"3.1","vendorMetadata":{}}],"cwes":[{"cve":"CVE-2026-126062","cwe":"CWE-611","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"},{"cve":"CVE-2026-126062","cwe":"CWE-918","type":"Primary","source":"security-advisories@github.com"}],"urls":["https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/97f41b65f4ee0cac859b87f0b26d2648c4806cb8","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/commit/e448ca2827a9198644610fb730259e12baacdeac","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/pull/3752","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/releases/tag/v1.19.5","https://github.com/sparklemotion/nokogiri/security/advisories/GHSA-v995-44v6-5fqm"],"severity":"Low","namespace":"nvd:cpe","dataSource":"https://nvd.nist.gov/vuln/detail/CVE-2026-126062","description":"Nokogiri is an open source XML and HTML library for the Ruby programming language. 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